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Düşük emtia fiyatları ve Batı’nın yaptırımlarıyla ekonomik krizin pençesine sürüklenen Rus ekonomisinin üç temel sorunu olduğu belirtildi. Rusya’nın Batı ile ilişkileri, Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemin en kötü zamanlarından birinin yaşıyor ve bu durum ekonomiyi doğrudan etkiliyor. Farklı tahminlere göre Rusya ekonomisi 2015 sonunda yüzde 3-5 arasında küçülecek; Rusya Federal İstatistik Servisi de, ilk çeyrek için yüzde 1,9 küçülme rakamı açıklamış durumda.
The Moscow Times’da yer alan makaleye göre, ekonomik krizin 3 nedeni var… Makaleye göre bunlar; petrol, doğalgaz ve metal fiyatlarında yaşanan sert düşüş, jeopolitik tansiyonun yükselmesi (Ukrayna krizi) ve yeterli iş gücünün olmaması.
Emtia fiyatlarındaki düşüş Rusya’nın belini büktü
Ülkenin en temel sorunu petrol, doğalgaz ve metal hammadde ürünlerinin fiyatlarının düşmesi.
2015’in ilk çeyreğinde ihracatın yüzde 65’ini enerji oluşturuyor. Metal ve metal ürünleri ihracatı da ek yüzde 10.
Petrol varil fiyatları Haziran 2014’de 115 dolardan Ocak 2015’e 55 dolara indi. Fiyatların yeniden 65 dolar seviyesine çıkması olumlu bir sinyal olarak görülüyor. 2013’de petrol varil fiyatları ortalama 100 dolar iken ekonomik büyüme sadece yüzde 1,3 olarak gerçekleşti.
Jeopolitik problemler büyüdü
İkinci sorun, jeopolitik problemlerin artması. Ukrayna krizi nedeni ile Batılı ülkelerin uyguladığı yaptırımlar Rusya ekonomisini olumsuz etkiliyor.
Jeopolitik tansiyonun yüksek olması, siyasi belirsizlikleri artırırken, yabancı sermaye girişini de sınırlandırıyor.
İleri teknoloji ürünlerinin ithalatının engellenmesi yerli yatırımları da etkiliyor. Rusya bankalarının uzun vadeli yurt dışı kredi alımının engellenmesi 142,5 milyar dolar borç ödemesinde mali yapıyı zor durumda bıraktı.
Rusya’nın 360 milyar dolar civarında olan rezervleri mali yapının korunmasına katkı sağlıyor. İleri teknoloji ithalatının yaptırımlara takılması ithal ikame ekonomik modelinin gelişimi ve ekonominin farklı sektörlerle çeşitlenmesini engelliyor.
ABD Dışişleri Bakanı John Kerry’nin Soçi ziyareti Rusya ile ilişkilerde tansiyonun düşürülmesinde bir adım olarak görülse de yaptırımların 2015’de kalkması beklenmiyor.
Çalışan nüfusta ciddi düşüş
Rusya ekonomisinin üçüncü sorunu, çalışan nüfus sayısının giderek azalması.Rusya’da doğum oranları 1987’de 2,2 iken bu rakam 1999’da 1,17’ye kadar gerilemişti.
Hükümet verilerine göre önümüzdeki birkaç yıl içinde çalışan nüfus sayısı yaklaşık 1 milyon kişi azalacak, emeklilik sistemi ise çalışan nüfusun
azalması nedeni ile olumsuz etkilenecek.
Bu yapının düzeltilebilmesi için göçmen yasasının kolaylaştırılması, halk sağlığının iyileştirilmesi, emeklilik yaşının erkekler için 60, kadınlar için de 55’e çıkarılması gibi radikal adımların atılması gerekiyor. Ancak hükümet henüz bu yönde adımlar atılması konusunda isteksiz. (Dünya Gazetesi)